MySQL多表查询实例详解【链接查询、子查询等】
本文实例讲述了MySQL多表查询。分享给大家供大家参考,具体如下:
准备工作:准备两张表,部门表(department)、员工表(employee)
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | create table department( id int , name varchar (20) ); create table employee( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar (20), sex enum( 'male' , 'female' ) not null default 'male' , age int , dep_id int ); |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | #插入数据 insert into department values (200, '技术' ), (201, '人力资源' ), (202, '销售' ), (203, '运营' ); insert into employee( name ,sex,age,dep_id) values ( 'egon' , 'male' ,18,200), ( 'alex' , 'female' ,48,201), ( 'wupeiqi' , 'male' ,38,201), ( 'yuanhao' , 'female' ,28,202), ( 'nvshen' , 'male' ,18,200), ( 'xiaomage' , 'female' ,18,204) ; |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | # 查看表结构和数据 mysql> desc department; + -------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | + -------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int (11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar (20) | YES | | NULL | | + -------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.19 sec) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | mysql> desc employee; + --------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | + --------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int (11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar (20) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum( 'male' , 'female' ) | NO | | male | | | age | int (11) | YES | | NULL | | | dep_id | int (11) | YES | | NULL | | + --------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 5 rows in set (0.01 sec) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | mysql> select * from department; + ------+--------------+ | id | name | + ------+--------------+ | 200 | 技术 | | 201 | 人力资源 | | 202 | 销售 | | 203 | 运营 | + ------+--------------+ 4 rows in set (0.02 sec) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | mysql> select * from employee; + ----+----------+--------+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | + ----+----------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | + ----+----------+--------+------+--------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec) |
ps:观察两张表,发现department表中id=203部门在employee中没有对应的员工,发现employee中id=6的员工在department表中没有对应关系。
一多表链接查询
SELECT 字段列表
FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2
ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;
(1)先看第一种情况交叉连接:不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积.--->重复最多
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 | mysql> select * from employee,department; + ----+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name | + ----+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 | | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 销售 | | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 运营 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 200 | 技术 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 202 | 销售 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 203 | 运营 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 200 | 技术 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 202 | 销售 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 203 | 运营 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 200 | 技术 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 203 | 运营 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 销售 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 运营 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | 200 | 技术 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | 202 | 销售 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | 203 | 运营 | |
(2)内连接:只连接匹配的行,以双方为基准
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | #找两张表共有的部分,相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了匹配的结果 #department没有204这个部门,因而employee表中关于204这条员工信息没有匹配出来 mysql> select employee.id,employee. name ,employee.age,employee.sex,department. name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; + ----+---------+------+--------+--------------+ | id | name | age | sex | name | + ----+---------+------+--------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | 18 | male | 技术 | | 2 | alex | 48 | female | 人力资源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | 38 | male | 人力资源 | | 4 | yuanhao | 28 | female | 销售 | | 5 | nvshen | 18 | male | 技术 | + ----+---------+------+--------+--------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) |
1 2 | #上述sql等同于 mysql> select employee.id,employee. name ,employee.age,employee.sex,department. name from employee,department where employee.dep_id=department.id; |
(3)外链接之左连接:优先显示左表全部记录
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | #以左表为准,即找出所有员工信息,当然包括没有部门的员工 #本质就是:在内连接的基础上增加左边有,右边没有的结果 mysql> select employee.id,employee. name ,department. name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; + ----+----------+--------------+ | id | name | depart_name | + ----+----------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | 技术 | | 5 | nvshen | 技术 | | 2 | alex | 人力资源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | 人力资源 | | 4 | yuanhao | 销售 | | 6 | xiaomage | NULL | + ----+----------+--------------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec) |
(4) 外链接之右连接:优先显示右表全部记录
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | #以右表为准,即找出所有部门信息,包括没有员工的部门 #本质就是:在内连接的基础上增加右边有,左边没有的结果 mysql> select employee.id,employee. name ,department. name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; + ------+---------+--------------+ | id | name | depart_name | + ------+---------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | 技术 | | 2 | alex | 人力资源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | 人力资源 | | 4 | yuanhao | 销售 | | 5 | nvshen | 技术 | | NULL | NULL | 运营 | + ------+---------+--------------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec) |
(5) 全外连接:显示左右两个表全部记录(了解)
?#外连接:在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果
#注意:mysql不支持全外连接 full JOIN
#强调:mysql可以使用此种方式间接实现全外连接语法:select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
union all
select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 | mysql> select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id union select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id ; + ------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name | + ------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | NULL | NULL | | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 203 | 运营 | + ------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ 7 rows in set (0.01 sec) #注意 union 与 union all 的区别: union 会去掉相同的纪录 |
二、符合条件连接查询
以内连接的方式查询employee和department表,并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25,即找出年龄大于25岁的员工以及员工所在的部门
?1 2 3 | select employee. name ,department. name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id = department.id where age > 25; |
三、子查询
#1:子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。
#2:内层查询语句的查询结果,可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。
#3:子查询中可以包含:IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等关键字
#4:还可以包含比较运算符:= 、 !=、> 、<等
(1)带in关键字的子查询
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | #查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名 select id, name from department where id in ( select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg (age) > 25); # 查看技术部员工姓名 select name from employee where dep_id in ( select id from department where name = '技术' ); #查看不足1人的部门名 select name from department where id not in ( select dep_id from employee group by dep_id); |
(2)带比较运算符的子查询
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | #比较运算符:=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<> #查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄 mysql> select name ,age from employee where age > ( select avg (age) from employee); + ---------+------+ | name | age | + ---------+------+ | alex | 48 | | wupeiqi | 38 | + ---------+------+ #查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄 |
思路:
(1)先对员工表(employee)中的人员分组(group by),查询出dep_id以及平均年龄。
(2)将查出的结果作为临时表,再对根据临时表的dep_id和employee的dep_id作为筛选条件将employee表和临时表进行内连接。
(3)最后再将employee员工的年龄是大于平均年龄的员工名字和年龄筛选。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | mysql> select t1. name ,t1.age from employee as t1 inner join ( select dep_id, avg (age) as avg_age from employee group by dep_id) as t2 on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id where t1.age > t2.avg_age; + ------+------+ | name | age | + ------+------+ | alex | 48 | |
(3)带EXISTS关键字的子查询
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | #EXISTS关字键字表示存在。在使用EXISTS关键字时,内层查询语句不返回查询的记录。而是返回一个真假值。 True 或 False #当返回 True 时,外层查询语句将进行查询;当返回值为 False 时,外层查询语句不进行查询 #department表中存在dept_id=203,Ture mysql> select * from employee where exists ( select id from department where id=200); + ----+----------+--------+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | + ----+----------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | + ----+----------+--------+------+--------+ #department表中存在dept_id=205, False mysql> select * from employee where exists ( select id from department where id=204); Empty set (0.00 sec) |
希望本文所述对大家MySQL数据库计有所帮助。
原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/mmyy-blog/p/9628548.html
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