MySQL索引失效之隐式转换的问题
常见索引失效:
1. 条件索引字段"不干净":函数操作、运算操作
2. 隐式类型转换:字符串转数值;其他类型转换
3. 隐式字符编码转换:按字符编码数据长度大的方向转换,避免数据截取
一、常见索引失效场景
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 | root@test 10:50 > show create table t_num\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table : t_num Create Table : CREATE TABLE `t_num` ( `id` int (11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `c1` int (11) NOT NULL , `c2` varchar (11) NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `ix_c1` (`c1`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=6 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 root@test 10:51 > select * from t_num; + ----+----+----+ | id | c1 | c2 | + ----+----+----+ | 1 | -2 | -2 | | 2 | -1 | -1 | | 3 | 0 | 0 | | 4 | 1 | 1 | | 5 | 2 | 2 | + ----+----+----+ # 在c1字段上加上索引 root@test 10:52 > alter table t_num add index ix_c1(c1); # 标准使用情况下,索引有效 root@test 10:55 > explain select * from t_num where c1 = -1; + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_num | NULL | ref | ix_c1 | ix_c1 | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ |
1、条件字段函数操作
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | # 在 where 中c1上加上 abs ()绝对值函数,可以看到type= ALL ,全表扫描,在Server层进行绝对值处理后进行比较 root@test 10:58 > explain select * from t_num where abs (c1) = 1; + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_num | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | Using where | + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ |
如上,对索引字段做函数操作,即where条件列上不干净时,可能会破坏索引值的有序性(按照c1的值有序组织索引树),因此优化器就决定放弃走索引树搜索功能。
但是,条件字段函数操作下,也并非完全的走全表扫描,优化器并非完全的放弃该字段索引。
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | # 选择查询的数据,只有id和c1字段,可以看到type= index ,使用到了ix_c1索引 root@test 10:59 > explain select id,c1 from t_num where abs (c1) = 1; + ----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | + ----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_num | NULL | index | NULL | ix_c1 | 4 | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | Using where ; Using index | + ----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+ |
如上,由于ix_c1索引树是根节点c1和叶子节点id构造的,虽然因为c1上的函数操作导致放弃索引定位,但优化器可以选择遍历该索引树,使用覆盖索引(Using index),无需回表,将所需的id和c1数据返回Server层后进行后续的abs()和where过滤。
2、条件字段运算操作
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | # where 条件里,对c1进行运算操作 root@test 11:03 > explain select * from t_num where c1 + 1 = 2; + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_num | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | Using where | + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ |
如上,虽然“+1”的操作并没有破坏c1索引的有序性,但优化器仍然没有使用该索引快速定位。因此,等号左边,注意优化掉索引字段上的运算操作。
3、隐式类型转换
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 | # 在c2字段上加上索引 root@test 12:30 > alter table t_num add index ix_c2(c2); # 标准使用情况下(注:c2是 varchar 类型的),索引有效 root@test 12:30 > explain select * from t_num where c2 = "2" ; + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_num | NULL | ref | ix_c2 | ix_c2 | 42 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ # 去掉等号右边值的引号,即字符串和数值进行比较,索引失效 root@test 12:30 > explain select * from t_num where c2 = 2; + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_num | NULL | ALL | ix_c2 | NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | 20.00 | Using where | + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ |
如上,c2字段是varchar类型,是字符串和数值的比较,此时,MySQL是将字符串转换成数字,即此处的c2被CAST(c2 AS signed int),这就相当于对条件字段做了函数操作,优化器放弃走树索引定位。
4、隐式字符编码转换
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 | # 创建一个t_cou表,表结构基本和前面的t_num相同,唯一不同的设置是表字符集CHARSET=utf8 root@test 14:02 > show create table t_cou\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table : t_cou Create Table : CREATE TABLE `t_cou` ( `id` int (11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `c1` int (11) NOT NULL , `c2` varchar (10) NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `ix_c1` (`c1`), KEY `ix_c2` (`c2`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 root@test 14:02 > insert into t_cou select * from t_num; # join 表,t_num和t_cou通过c2字段进行关联查询 root@test 14:03 > select n.* from t_num n -> join t_cou c -> on n.c2 = c.c2 -> where n.c1 = 1; + ----+----+----+ | id | c1 | c2 | + ----+----+----+ | 4 | 1 | 1 | + ----+----+----+ root@test 14:23 > explain select n.* from t_num n join t_cou c on n.c2 = c.c2 where c.c1 = 1; + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | c | NULL | ref | ix_c1 | ix_c1 | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | | 1 | SIMPLE | n | NULL | ref | ix_c2 | ix_c2 | 42 | func | 1 | 100.00 | Using index condition | + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+ # 执行计划分析: # 1.操作的c表,使用了ix_c1定位到一行数据 # 2.从c表定位到的行数据,拿到c2字段去操作n表,t_cou称为驱动表,t_num称为被驱动表 # 3.ref=func说明使用了函数操作,指的是n.c2= CONVERT (c.c2 USING utf8mb4) # 4.同时Using index condition,ix_c2读取查询时,使用被下推的条件过滤,满足条件的才回表 root@test 14:23 > explain select n.* from t_num n join t_cou c on n.c2 = c.c2 where n.c1 = 1; + ----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | + ----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | n | NULL | ref | ix_c1,ix_c2 | ix_c1 | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | | 1 | SIMPLE | c | NULL | index | NULL | ix_c2 | 32 | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | Using where ; Using index ; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) | + ----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ # 执行计划分析: # 1.操作的n表,使用了ix_c1定位到一行数据 # 2.从n表定位到的行数据,拿到c2字段去操作c表,t_num称为驱动表,t_cou称为被驱动表 # 3.同样的n.c2=c.c2,会将c.c2的字符集进行转换,即被驱动表的索引字段上加函数操作,索引失效 # 4.BNL,表 join 时,驱动表数据读入 join buffer,被驱动表连接字段无索引则全表扫,每取一行和 join buffer数据对比判断,作为结果集返回 |
如上,分别对t_num、 t_cou作为驱动表和被驱动表的执行计划分析,总结:
utf8mb4和utf8两种不同字符集(编码)类型的字符串在做比较时,MySQL会先把 utf8 字符串转成 utf8mb4 字符集,再做比较。为什么?字符集 utf8mb4 是 utf8 的超集,再做隐式自动类型转换时,为了避免数据在转换过程中由于截断导致数据错误,会“按数据长度增加的方向”进行转换。
表连接过程中,被驱动表的索引字段上加函数操作,会导致对被驱动表做全表扫描。
优化手法:
修改统一join字段的字符集
对驱动表下手,将连接字段的字符集转换成被驱动表连接字段的字符集
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | root@test 18:09 > explain select n.* from t_num n join t_cou c on convert (n.c2 using utf8) = c.c2 where n.c1 = 1; + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | n | NULL | ref | ix_c1 | ix_c1 | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | | 1 | SIMPLE | c | NULL | ref | ix_c2 | ix_c2 | 32 | func | 1 | 100.00 | Using where ; Using index | + ----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+ |
二、类型转换
1、字符串转整型
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 | # 字符开头的一律为0 root@test 18:44 > select convert ( "abc" , unsigned integer ); + ----------------------------------+ | convert ( "abc" , unsigned integer ) | + ----------------------------------+ | 0 | + ----------------------------------+ # 'abc' = 0是成立的,因此查询时等号右边使用对应的类型很重要,0匹配出字段字符开头数据, '0' 只匹配0 root@test 18:44 > select 'abc' = 0; + -----------+ | 'abc' = 0 | + -----------+ | 1 | + -----------+ # 数字开头的,直接截取到第一个不是字符的位置 root@test 18:45 > select convert ( "123abc" , unsigned integer ); + -------------------------------------+ | convert ( "123abc" , unsigned integer ) | + -------------------------------------+ | 123 | + -------------------------------------+ |
2、时间类型转换
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 | root@test 19:11 > show create table time_demo\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table : time_demo Create Table : CREATE TABLE `time_demo` ( `id` int (11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `c1` datetime DEFAULT NULL , `c2` date DEFAULT NULL , PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `ix_c1` (`c1`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 root@test 19:15 > select count (*) from time_demo; + ----------+ | count (*) | + ----------+ | 11 | + ----------+ root@test 19:16 > select * from time_demo limit 4; + ----+---------------------+------------+ | id | c1 | c2 | + ----+---------------------+------------+ | 1 | 2022-01-08 00:01:01 | 2022-01-08 | | 2 | 2022-01-06 23:01:01 | 2022-01-06 | | 3 | 2022-01-06 00:00:00 | 2022-01-06 | | 4 | 2022-01-08 00:00:00 | 2022-01-08 | + ----+---------------------+------------+ # 1. date 转datetime:末尾追加 00:00:00 root@test 19:11 > select * from time_demo where c1 between "2022-01-06" and "2022-01-08" ; + ----+---------------------+------------+ | id | c1 | c2 | + ----+---------------------+------------+ | 2 | 2022-01-06 23:01:01 | 2022-01-06 | | 3 | 2022-01-06 00:00:00 | 2022-01-06 | | 4 | 2022-01-08 00:00:00 | 2022-01-08 | + ----+---------------------+------------+ # 结果分析:c1是datetime类型,进行比较时, between and 中的 date 类型会转换成datetime # 即 where c1 between "2022-01-06 00:00:00" and "2022-01-08 00:00:00" ; # 同 where c1 >= "2022-01-06 00:00:00" and c1 <= "2022-01-08 00:00:00" ; root@test 19:42 > explain select * from time_demo where c1 between "2022-01-06" and "2022-01-08" ; + ----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | + ----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | time_demo | NULL | range | ix_c1 | ix_c1 | 6 | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | Using index condition | + ----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+ # 格式化 date 转datetime root@test 19:23 > select date_format( "2022-01-08" , "%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s" ); + -----------------------------------------------+ | date_format( "2022-01-08" , "%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s" ) | + -----------------------------------------------+ | 2022-01-06 00:00:00 | + -----------------------------------------------+ # 2.datetime转 date :直接截取 date 部分 root@test 19:47 > select date (c1) from time_demo limit 1; + ------------+ | date (c1) | + ------------+ | 2022-01-06 | + ------------+ # 3. date 转 time ,没有意义,直接变成 00:00:00 |
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原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/geaozhang/p/15779520.html
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