MYSQL 表的全面总结

目录

• 1、创建表
  • 1.1、创建表基本语法
    • 1.1.1、创建一张简单的表
    • 1.1.2、查看创建表定义
• 2、删除表
• 3、修改表
  • 3.1、修改表类型命令
  • 3.2、字段改名命令
  • 3.3、增加表字段命令
  • 3.4、删除表列字段命令
  • 3.5、表改名命令
• 4、dml 语句
  • 4.1、插入记录 命令
  • 4.2、查看插入数据命令
    • 4.2.1、查询全部
    • 4.2.2、查询不重复记录命令关键字
    • 4.2.3、多条件查询关键字
    • 4.2.4、排序查询命名
    • 4.2.5、显示一部分，而不是全部，指令
    • 4.2.6、统计数据，聚合指令
    • 4.2.7、表连接
    • 4.2.8、子查询，相关关键字
    • 4.2.9、记录联合，指令
  • 4.3、更新记录命令
  • 4.4、删除记录命名
  • 4.5、初始化表
• 5、dcl 语句
  • 5.1创建数据库用户

1、创建表

1.1、创建表基本语法

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1 2	create table tablename (column_name_1 column_type_1 constraints， column_name_2 column_type_2 constraints ， ……）

column_name 是列的名字
column_type 是列的数据类型
contraints 是这个列的约束条件

1.1.1、创建一张简单的表

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1 2	mysql> create table orders (ordername varchar (10),createtime date ,ordermoney decimal (10,2),ordernumber int (2)); query ok, 0 rows affected (0.23 sec)

1.1.2、查看创建表定义

结构化定义：

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mysql> desc orders; + -------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | field       | type          | null | key | default | extra | + -------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | ordername   | varchar (10)   | yes  |     | null    |       | | createtime  | date          | yes  |     | null    |       | | ordermoney  | decimal (10,2) | yes  |     | null    |       | | ordernumber | int (2)        | yes  |     | null    |       | + -------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

表详细定义：

查看详细的表定义：

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mysql> show create table orders \g; *************************** 1. row ***************************         table : orders create table : create table `orders` (    `ordername` varchar (10) default null ,    `createtime` date default null ,    `ordermoney` decimal (10,2) default null ,    `ordernumber` int (2) default null ) engine=innodb default charset=latin1 1 row in set (0.00 sec)   error: no query specified

由此可以看到表的  engine（存储引擎）是innodb

　　　　　　　　 charset（字符集）是latin1

“\g”选项的含义是使得记录能够按照字段竖着排列，对于内容比较长的记录更易于显示。

2、删除表

命令：

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1	drop table tablename

删除orders：

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mysql> drop table orders      -> ; query ok, 0 rows affected (0.14 sec)

3、修改表

3.1、修改表类型命令

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1	alter table tablename modify [ column ] column_definition [ first | after col_name]

例：修改表 orders 的 name 字段定义，将 varchar(10)改为 varchar(20) ：

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mysql> alter table orders modify ordername varchar (20); query ok, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec) records: 0  duplicates: 0  warnings: 0   mysql> desc orders; + -------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | field       | type          | null | key | default | extra | + -------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | ordername   | varchar (20)   | yes  |     | null    |       | | createtime  | date          | yes  |     | null    |       | | ordermoney  | decimal (10,2) | yes  |     | null    |       | | ordernumber | int (2)        | yes  |     | null    |       | + -------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.2、字段改名命令

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1 2	alter table tablename change [ column ] old_col_name column_definition [ first | after col_name]

例：表 orders 上将ordernumber修改为ordernumbers

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mysql> alter table orders change column ordernumber ordernumbers int (4); query ok, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec) records: 0  duplicates: 0  warnings: 0   mysql> desc orders; + --------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | field        | type          | null | key | default | extra | + --------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | ordername    | varchar (20)   | yes  |     | null    |       | | createtime   | date          | yes  |     | null    |       | | ordermoney   | decimal (10,2) | yes  |     | null    |       | | ordernumbers | int (4)        | yes  |     | null    |       | + --------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

特别说明：change 和 modify 都可以修改表的定义，不同的是 change 后面需要写两次列名，不方便。但是 change 的优点是可以修改列名称，modify 则不能。

3.3、增加表字段命令

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1	alter table tablename add [ column ] column_definition [ first | after col_name]

例：表 orders 上新增加字段 username，类型为 varchar(3) ：

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mysql> alter table orders add column username varchar (30); query ok, 0 rows affected (0.39 sec) records: 0  duplicates: 0  warnings: 0   mysql> desc orders; + -------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | field       | type          | null | key | default | extra | + -------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | ordername   | varchar (20)   | yes  |     | null    |       | | createtime  | date          | yes  |     | null    |       | | ordermoney  | decimal (10,2) | yes  |     | null    |       | | ordernumber | int (2)        | yes  |     | null    |       | | username    | varchar (30)   | yes  |     | null    |       | + -------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.4、删除表列字段命令

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1	alter table tablename drop [ column ] col_name

例：表 orders 上删除字段 username：

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mysql> alter table orders drop column username; query ok, 0 rows affected (0.53 sec) records: 0  duplicates: 0  warnings: 0   mysql> desc orders; + -------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | field       | type          | null | key | default | extra | + -------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | ordername   | varchar (20)   | yes  |     | null    |       | | createtime  | date          | yes  |     | null    |       | | ordermoney  | decimal (10,2) | yes  |     | null    |       | | ordernumber | int (2)        | yes  |     | null    |       | + -------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.5、表改名命令

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1	alter table tablename rename [ to ] new_tablename

例：表 orders 名字改为goodsorders

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mysql> alter table orders rename goodsorders; query ok, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec)   mysql> desc orders; error 1146 (42s02): table 'ordermanage.orders' doesn't exist mysql> desc goodsorders; + --------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | field        | type          | null | key | default | extra | + --------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | ordername    | varchar (20)   | yes  |     | null    |       | | createtime   | date          | yes  |     | null    |       | | ordermoney   | decimal (10,2) | yes  |     | null    |       | | ordernumbers | int (4)        | yes  |     | null    |       | + --------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4、dml 语句

插入（insert）、查询（select）、更新（update）、删除（delete）

4.1、插入记录 命令

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1	insert into tablename (field1,field2,……fieldn) values (value1,value2,……valuesn);

例：表 goodsorders 中插入一条记录，ordername 为zhang，createtime为2021-05-12，ordermoney为100.00,ordernumbers为：1

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1 2	mysql> insert into goodsorders (ordername,createtime,ordermoney,ordernumbers) values ( 'zhang' , '2021-05-12' ,100.00,1); query ok, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

也可以省略(field1,field2,……fieldn)这一部分

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1 2	mysql> insert into goodsorders  values ( 'zhang1' , '2021-05-12' ,1001.00,11); query ok, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

4.2、查看插入数据命令

4.2.1、查询全部

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1	select * from tablename [ where condition]

例：查看goodsorders中所有插入数据

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mysql> select * from goodsorders; + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | zhang     | 2021-05-12 |     100.00 |            1 | | zhang1    | 2021-05-12 |    1001.00 |           11 | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

其中“*”表示要将所有的记录都选出来

4.2.2、查询不重复记录命令关键字

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distinct

例：查询非goodsorders中非重复创建时间（createtime）的数据

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mysql> select  * from goodsorders; + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | zhang     | 2021-03-11 |      50.00 |            1 | | li        | 2020-05-12 |      70.00 |           15 | | li        | 2020-03-12 |      70.00 |           15 | | li        | 2020-03-11 |      70.00 |           15 | | li        | 2021-03-11 |      70.00 |           15 | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)   mysql> select distinct createtime from goodsorders; + ------------+ | createtime | + ------------+ | 2021-03-11 | | 2020-05-12 | | 2020-03-12 | | 2020-03-11 | + ------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

由此可以看到，将重复的一条时间数据2021-03-11去掉了

4.2.3、多条件查询关键字

where 后面的条件是一个字段的‘='比较，还可以使用>、<、>=、<=、!=等比较运算符；
多个条件之间还可以使用 or、and 等逻辑运算符进行多条件联合查询，

例：查询非goodsorders中 ordername='li'并且createtime为2020-03-11

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mysql> select * from goodsorders where ordername= 'li' and createtime = '2020-03-11' ; + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | li        | 2020-03-11 |      70.00 |           15 | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

4.2.4、排序查询命名

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1 2	select * from tablename [ where condition] [ order by field1 [ desc | asc ] ， field2 [ desc | asc ]，……fieldn [ desc | asc ]]

例：把 goodsorders表中的记录按照创建时间高低进行排序显示

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mysql> select * from goodsorders order by createtime; + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | li        | 2020-03-11 |      70.00 |           15 | | li        | 2020-03-12 |      70.00 |           15 | | li        | 2020-05-12 |      70.00 |           15 | | zhang     | 2021-03-11 |      50.00 |            1 | | li        | 2021-03-11 |      70.00 |           15 | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ 5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

4.2.5、显示一部分，而不是全部，指令

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1	select ……[limit offset_start,row_count]

offset_start 表示记录的起始偏移量
row_count 表示显示的行数

例如1：显示 goodsorders表中按照 createtiem 排序后的前 3 条记录：

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mysql> select * from goodsorders order by createtime limit 3; + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | li        | 2020-03-11 |      70.00 |           15 | | li        | 2020-03-12 |      70.00 |           15 | | li        | 2020-05-12 |      70.00 |           15 | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

例如2：如果要显示 goodsorders表中按照 createtiem 排序后 从第二条记录开始，显示3条数据：

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mysql> select * from goodsorders order by createtime limit 2,3; + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | li        | 2020-05-12 |      70.00 |           15 | | zhang     | 2021-03-11 |      50.00 |            1 | | li        | 2021-03-11 |      70.00 |           15 | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.2.6、统计数据，聚合指令

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select [field1,field2,……fieldn] fun_name from tablename [ where where_contition] [ group by field1,field2,……fieldn [ with rollup ]] [ having where_contition]

参数说明：

• 1、fun_name 表示要做的聚合操作，也就是聚合函数，常用的有 sum（求和）、count(*)（记录数）、max（最大值）、min（最小值）
• 2、group by 关键字表示要进行分类聚合的字段，比如要按照部门分类统计员工数量，部门就应该写在 group by 后面。
• 3、with rollup 是可选语法，表明是否对分类聚合后的结果进行再汇总。
• 4、having 关键字表示对分类后的结果再进行条件的过滤。

注意：having 和 where 的区别在于 having 是对聚合后的结果进行条件的过滤，而 where 是在聚合前就对记录进行过滤，如果逻辑允许，我们尽可能用 where 先过滤记录，这样因为结果集减小，将对聚合的效率大大提高，最后再根据逻辑看是否用 having 进行再过滤。

例1：查询统计goodsorders表中，记录总数

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mysql> select count (1) from goodsorders; + ----------+ | count (1) | + ----------+ |        5 | + ----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

例2：在此基础上，按照创建日期（createtime）进行分组统计

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mysql> select createtime, count (1) from goodsorders group by createtime; + ------------+----------+ | createtime | count (1) | + ------------+----------+ | 2020-03-11 |        1 | | 2020-03-12 |        1 | | 2020-05-12 |        1 | | 2021-03-11 |        2 | + ------------+----------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

例3：在此基础上，既要按照创建日期（cretetime）进行分组统计，又要计算总数

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mysql> select createtime, count (1) from goodsorders group by createtime with rollup ; + ------------+----------+ | createtime | count (1) | + ------------+----------+ | 2020-03-11 |        1 | | 2020-03-12 |        1 | | 2020-05-12 |        1 | | 2021-03-11 |        2 | | null       |        5 | + ------------+----------+ 5 rows in set (0.02 sec)

最有一行，null所展示的数字，就是总数

例4：按照创建日期（createtime）进行分组统计，并且数量大于1

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mysql> select createtime, count (1) from goodsorders group by createtime having count (1)>1; + ------------+----------+ | createtime | count (1) | + ------------+----------+ | 2021-03-11 |        2 | + ------------+----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

例5：查询goodsorders表中，订单金额（ordermoney）的总额、最低额、最高额

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mysql> select * from goodsorders; + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | zhang     | 2021-03-11 |      50.00 |            1 | | li        | 2020-05-12 |      70.00 |           15 | | li        | 2020-03-12 |      70.00 |           15 | | li        | 2020-03-11 |      70.00 |           15 | | li        | 2021-03-11 |      70.00 |           15 | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)   mysql> select sum (ordermoney), max (ordermoney), min (ordermoney) from goodsorders; + -----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | sum (ordermoney) | max (ordermoney) | min (ordermoney) | + -----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ |          330.00 |           70.00 |           50.00 | + -----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ 1 row in set (0.02 sec)

4.2.7、表连接

• 1、左连接：包含所有的左边表中的记录甚至是右边表中没有和它匹配的记录；关键指令：left join
• 2、右连接：包含所有的右边表中的记录甚至是左边表中没有和它匹配的记录；关联指令：right join

 例1：现在我们又创建一张用户表（member）,使用goodorders进行左连接，查询关联的用户表信息

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mysql> select * from member; + ------+------------+ | id   | membername | + ------+------------+ | 15   | zhang      | | 1    | li         | | 13   | liss       | + ------+------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)   mysql> select * from goodsorders; + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | memberid | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+ | zhang     | 2021-03-11 |      50.00 |            1 | 15       | | li        | 2020-05-12 |      70.00 |           15 | 1        | | li        | 2020-03-12 |      70.00 |           15 | 1        | | li        | 2020-03-11 |      70.00 |           15 | 3        | | li        | 2021-03-11 |      70.00 |           15 | 1        | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)   mysql> select * from goodsorders left join member on goodsorders.memberid = member.id; + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+------+------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | memberid | id   | membername | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+------+------------+ | zhang     | 2021-03-11 |      50.00 |            1 | 15       | 15   | zhang      | | li        | 2020-05-12 |      70.00 |           15 | 1        | 1    | li         | | li        | 2020-03-12 |      70.00 |           15 | 1        | 1    | li         | | li        | 2021-03-11 |      70.00 |           15 | 1        | 1    | li         | | li        | 2020-03-11 |      70.00 |           15 | 3        | null | null       | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+------+------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

 例2：member和goodsorders中数据不变，我们再来看一下右连接的查询，以及结果：

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mysql> select * from goodsorders right join member on goodsorders.memberid = member.id; + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+------+------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | memberid | id   | membername | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+------+------------+ | zhang     | 2021-03-11 |      50.00 |            1 | 15       | 15   | zhang      | | li        | 2020-05-12 |      70.00 |           15 | 1        | 1    | li         | | li        | 2020-03-12 |      70.00 |           15 | 1        | 1    | li         | | li        | 2021-03-11 |      70.00 |           15 | 1        | 1    | li         | | null      | null       |       null |         null | null     | 13   | liss       | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+------+------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

这里发生了翻转，变为左侧goodsorders 表中的一条数据为空了

4.2.8、子查询，相关关键字

主要包括 in、not in、=、!=、exists、not exists 等

例：从goodsorders表中查询所有用户在memeber表中的记录

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mysql> select * from member; + ------+------------+ | id   | membername | + ------+------------+ | 15   | zhang      | | 1    | li         | | 13   | liss       | + ------+------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)   mysql> select * from goodsorders; + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | memberid | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+ | zhang     | 2021-03-11 |      50.00 |            1 | 15       | | li        | 2020-05-12 |      70.00 |           15 | 1        | | li        | 2020-03-12 |      70.00 |           15 | 1        | | li        | 2020-03-11 |      70.00 |           15 | 3        | | li        | 2021-03-11 |      70.00 |           15 | 1        | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)   mysql> select * from goodsorders where memberid in ( select id from member); + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | memberid | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+ | zhang     | 2021-03-11 |      50.00 |            1 | 15       | | li        | 2020-05-12 |      70.00 |           15 | 1        | | li        | 2020-03-12 |      70.00 |           15 | 1        | | li        | 2021-03-11 |      70.00 |           15 | 1        | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+ 4 rows in set (0.05 sec)

4.2.9、记录联合，指令

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select * from t1 union | union all select * from t2 …… union | union all select * from tn;

union 和 union all 的主要区别：

   　　union all 是把结果集直接合并在一起，
　　   union 是将union all 后的结果进行一次 distinct，去除重复记录后的结果。

例1：将member表和goodsorders表中的用户编号id（memberid）的集合显示出来

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mysql> select memberid from goodsorders union all select id from member; + ----------+ | memberid | + ----------+ | 15       | | 1        | | 1        | | 3        | | 1        | | 15       | | 1        | | 13       | + ----------+ 8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

例2：如果希望将上面的结果去掉重复记录后显示

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mysql> select memberid from goodsorders union select id from member; + ----------+ | memberid | + ----------+ | 15       | | 1        | | 3        | | 13       | + ----------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.3、更新记录命令

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1	update tablename set field1=value1，field2.=value2，……fieldn=valuen [ where condition]

例：将表 goodsorders 中ordername为zhang的订单金额（ordermoney）改为50

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mysql> update goodsorders set ordermoney=50.00 where ordername= 'zhang' ; query ok, 1 row affected (0.09 sec) rows matched: 1  changed: 1  warnings: 0   mysql> select * from goodsorders; + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | zhang     | 2021-05-12 |      50.00 |            1 | | zhang1    | 2021-05-12 |    1001.00 |           11 | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

更新时，如遇到错误代码1175：

error code: 1175. you are using safe update mode and you tried to update a table without a where that uses a key column. to disable safe mode, toggle the option in preferences

解决方法：

1、先进行状体查询：

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1	show variables like 'sql_safe_updates' ;

2、执行下面的sql，关闭safe-updates模式：

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1	set sql_safe_updates = 0;

或者

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1 2	set sql_safe_updates = false ;

4.4、删除记录命名

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1	delete from tablename [ where condition]

例：将表 goodsorders 中ordername为zhang1的记录全部删除

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mysql> delete from goodsorders where ordername = 'zhang1' ; query ok, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)   mysql> select * from goodsorders; + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | zhang     | 2021-05-12 |      50.00 |            1 | + -----------+------------+------------+--------------+ 1 row in set (0.02 sec)

4.5、初始化表

例：将表中的所有数据清空

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mysql> select * from varc; + ------+------+ | v    | c    | + ------+------+ | abc  | abc  | + ------+------+ 1 row in set (0.03 sec)   mysql> truncate table varc; query ok, 0 rows affected (0.25 sec)   mysql> select * from varc; empty set (0.00 sec)

5、dcl 语句

dcl语句主要是为了管理数据库系统中的操作对象权限

5.1创建数据库用户

例：创建一个数据库用户 user1,初始密码为123，具有对 ordermanage 数据库中所有表的 select/insert 权限：

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mysql> grant select , insert on ordermanage.* to 'user1' @ 'localhost' identified by '123' ; query ok, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.06 sec)   mysql> exit bye     c:\program files\mysql\mysql server 5.7\bin>mysql -uuser1 -p123 mysql: [warning] using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. welcome to the mysql monitor.  commands end with ; or \g. your mysql connection id is 82 server version: 5.7.17-log mysql community server (gpl)   copyright (c) 2000, 2016, oracle and / or its affiliates. all rights reserved.   oracle is a registered trademark of oracle corporation and / or its affiliates. other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.   type 'help;' or '\h' for help. type '\c' to clear the current input statement.   mysql> show databases; + --------------------+ | database           | + --------------------+ | information_schema | | ordermanage        | + --------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

在此基础上，将此用户（user1）的insert权限进行收回

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mysql> revoke insert on ordermanage.* from 'user1' @ 'localhost' ; query ok, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)   mysql> exit bye   c:\program files\mysql\mysql server 5.7\bin>mysql -uuser1 -p123 mysql: [warning] using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. welcome to the mysql monitor.  commands end with ; or \g. your mysql connection id is 84 server version: 5.7.17-log mysql community server (gpl)   copyright (c) 2000, 2016, oracle and / or its affiliates. all rights reserved.   oracle is a registered trademark of oracle corporation and / or its affiliates. other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.   type 'help;' or '\h' for help. type '\c' to clear the current input statement.   mysql> use ordermanage; database changed   mysql> insert into member values ( '11' , 'ss' ); error 1142 (42000): insert command denied to user 'user1' @ 'localhost' for table 'member' mysql>

由此可以看出插入权限不足，插入失败

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原文链接：https://www.cnblogs.com/19930521zhang/p/14756371.html