mysql完整性约束实例详解
本文实例讲述了mysql完整性约束。分享给大家供大家参考,具体如下:
主要内容
- not null 与 default
- unique
- primary
- auto_increment
- foreign key
约束条件作用:用于保证数据的完整性和一致性
主要分为
PRIMARY KEY (PK) #标识该字段为该表的主键,可以唯一的标识记录
FOREIGN KEY (FK) #标识该字段为该表的外键
NOT NULL #标识该字段不能为空
UNIQUE KEY (UK) #标识该字段的值是唯一的,
AUTO_INCREMENT #标识该字段的值自动增长(整数类型,而且为主键)
DEFAULT #为该字段设置默认值
UNSIGNED #无符号
ZEROFILL #使用0填充
unique
在mysql中称为单列唯一
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 | #例子1: create table department( id int , name char (10) unique ); mysql> insert into department values (1, 'it' ),(2, 'it' ); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'it' for key 'name' #例子2: create table department( id int unique , name char (10) unique ); insert into department values (1, 'it' ),(2, 'sale' ); #第二种创建 unique 的方式 create table department( id int , name char (10) , unique (id), unique ( name ) ); insert into department values (1, 'it' ),(2, 'sale' ); |
联合唯一:只要两列记录,有一列不同,既符合联合唯一的约束
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 | # 创建services表 mysql> create table services( -> id int , -> ip char (15), -> port int , -> unique (id), -> unique (ip,port) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec) mysql> desc services; + -------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | + -------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int (11) | YES | UNI | NULL | | | ip | char (15) | YES | MUL | NULL | | | port | int (11) | YES | | NULL | | + -------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.01 sec) #联合唯一,只要两列记录,有一列不同,既符合联合唯一的约束 mysql> insert into services values -> (1, '192,168,11,23' ,80), -> (2, '192,168,11,23' ,81), -> (3, '192,168,11,25' ,80); Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec) Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from services; + ------+---------------+------+ | id | ip | port | + ------+---------------+------+ | 1 | 192,168,11,23 | 80 | | 2 | 192,168,11,23 | 81 | | 3 | 192,168,11,25 | 80 | + ------+---------------+------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into services values (4, '192,168,11,23' ,80); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192,168,11,23-80' for key 'ip' |
auto_increment
约束:约束的字段为自动增长,约束的字段必须同时被key约束
不指定id,则自动增长
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 | # 创建student create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar (20), sex enum( 'male' , 'female' ) default 'male' ); mysql> desc student; + -------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | + -------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int (11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar (20) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum( 'male' , 'female' ) | YES | | male | | + -------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ rows in set (0.17 sec) #插入记录 mysql> insert into student( name ) values ( '老白' ),( '小白' ); Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from student; + ----+--------+------+ | id | name | sex | + ----+--------+------+ | 1 | 老白 | male | | 2 | 小白 | male | + ----+--------+------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) |
指定id的情况
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 | mysql> insert into student values (4, 'asb' , 'female' ); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into student values (7, 'wsb' , 'female' ); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from student; + ----+--------+--------+ | id | name | sex | + ----+--------+--------+ | 1 | 老白 | male | | 2 | 小白 | male | | 4 | asb | female | | 7 | wsb | female | + ----+--------+--------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) # 再次插入一条不指定id的记录,会在之前的最后一条记录继续增长 mysql> insert into student( name ) values ( '大白' ); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student; + ----+--------+--------+ | id | name | sex | + ----+--------+--------+ | 1 | 老白 | male | | 2 | 小白 | male | | 4 | asb | female | | 7 | wsb | female | | 8 | 大白 | male | + ----+--------+--------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) |
对于自增的字段,在用delete删除后,再插入值,该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 | mysql> delete from student; Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student; Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student; Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into student( name ) values ( 'ysb' ); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from student; + ----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | + ----+------+------+ | 9 | ysb | male | + ----+------+------+ row in set (0.00 sec) #应该用 truncate 清空表,比起 delete 一条一条地删除记录, truncate 是直接清空表,在删除大表时用它 mysql> truncate student; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) mysql> insert into student( name ) values ( 'xiaobai' ); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student; + ----+---------+------+ | id | name | sex | + ----+---------+------+ | 1 | xiaobai | male | + ----+---------+------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> auto_increment_increment和 auto_increment_offset |
查看可用的 开头auto_inc的词
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | mysql> show variables like 'auto_inc%' ; + --------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | + --------------------------+-------+ | auto_increment_increment | 1 | | auto_increment_offset | 1 | + --------------------------+-------+ rows in set (0.02 sec) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | # 步长auto_increment_increment,默认为1 # 起始的偏移量auto_increment_offset, 默认是1 # 设置步长 为会话设置,只在本次连接中有效 set session auto_increment_increment=5; #全局设置步长 都有效。 set global auto_increment_increment=5; # 设置起始偏移量 set global auto_increment_offset=3; |
强调:If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored.
翻译:如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值,则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略
设置完起始偏移量和步长之后,再次执行show variables like'auto_inc%';
发现跟之前一样,必须先exit,再登录才有效。
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 | mysql> show variables like 'auto_inc%' ; + --------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | + --------------------------+-------+ | auto_increment_increment | 5 | | auto_increment_offset | 3 | + --------------------------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) #因为之前有一条记录id=1 mysql> select * from student; + ----+---------+------+ | id | name | sex | + ----+---------+------+ | 1 | xiaobai | male | + ----+---------+------+ row in set (0.00 sec) # 下次插入的时候,从起始位置3开始,每次插入记录id+5 mysql> insert into student( name ) values ( 'ma1' ),( 'ma2' ),( 'ma3' ); Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from student; + ----+---------+------+ | id | name | sex | + ----+---------+------+ | 1 | xiaobai | male | | 3 | ma1 | male | | 8 | ma2 | male | | 13 | ma3 | male | + ----+---------+------+ |
清空表区分delete和truncate的区别:
delete from t1; #如果有自增id,新增的数据,仍然是以删除前的最后一样作为起始。
truncate table t1;数据量大,删除速度比上一条快,且直接从零开始。
foreign key
理解foreign key
如上图如果一个公司有很多员工,每个员工都对应一个部门,在填表的时候就会重复写这些部门,太冗余了
我们可以将它们分离
此时有两张表,一张是employee表,简称emp表(关联表,也就从表)。一张是department表,简称dep表(被关联表,也叫主表)。
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 | #1.创建表时先创建被关联表,再创建关联表 # 先创建被关联表(dep表) create table dep( id int primary key , name varchar (20) not null , descripe varchar (20) not null ); #再创建关联表(emp表) create table emp( id int primary key , name varchar (20) not null , age int not null , dep_id int , constraint fk_dep foreign key (dep_id) references dep(id) //创建约束 ); #2.插入记录时,先往被关联表中插入记录,再往关联表中插入记录 insert into dep values (1, 'IT' , 'IT技术有限部门' ), (2, '销售部' , '销售部门' ), (3, '财务部' , '花钱太多部门' ); insert into emp values (1, 'zhangsan' ,18,1), (2, 'lisi' ,19,1), (3, 'egon' ,20,2), (4, 'yuanhao' ,40,3), (5, 'alex' ,18,2); |
3.删除表
?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 | #按道理来说,删除了部门表中的某个部门,员工表的有关联的记录相继删除。 mysql> delete from dep where id=3; ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`db5`.`emp`, CONSTRAINT `fk_name` FOREIGN KEY (`dep_id`) REFERENCES `dep` (`id`)) #但是先删除员工表的记录之后,再删除当前部门就没有任何问题 mysql> delete from emp where dep_id =3; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from emp; + ----+----------+-----+--------+ | id | name | age | dep_id | + ----+----------+-----+--------+ | 1 | zhangsan | 18 | 1 | | 2 | lisi | 18 | 1 | | 3 | egon | 20 | 2 | | 5 | alex | 18 | 2 | + ----+----------+-----+--------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> delete from dep where id=3; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from dep; + ----+-----------+----------------------+ | id | name | descripe | + ----+-----------+----------------------+ | 1 | IT | IT技术有限部门 | | 2 | 销售部 | 销售部门 | + ----+-----------+----------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) |
上面的删除表记录的操作比较繁琐,按道理讲,裁掉一个部门,该部门的员工也会被裁掉。其实呢,在建表的时候还有个很重要的内容,叫同步删除,同步更新
on delete cascade #同步删除
on update cascade #同步更新
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | create table emp( id int primary key , name varchar (20) not null , age int not null , dep_id int , constraint fk_dep foreign key (dep_id) references dep(id) on delete cascade #同步删除 on update cascade #同步更新 ); |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 | #再去删被关联表(dep)的记录,关联表(emp)中的记录也跟着删除 mysql> delete from dep where id=3; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from dep; + ----+-----------+----------------------+ | id | name | descripe | + ----+-----------+----------------------+ | 1 | IT | IT技术有限部门 | | 2 | 销售部 | 销售部门 | + ----+-----------+----------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from emp; + ----+----------+-----+--------+ | id | name | age | dep_id | + ----+----------+-----+--------+ | 1 | zhangsan | 18 | 1 | | 2 | lisi | 19 | 1 | | 3 | egon | 20 | 2 | | 5 | alex | 18 | 2 | + ----+----------+-----+--------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) #再去更改被关联表(dep)的记录,关联表(emp)中的记录也跟着更改 mysql> update dep set id=222 where id=2; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 # 赶紧去查看一下两张表是否都被删除了,是否都被更改了 mysql> select * from dep; + -----+-----------+----------------------+ | id | name | descripe | + -----+-----------+----------------------+ | 1 | IT | IT技术有限部门 | | 222 | 销售部 | 销售部门 | + -----+-----------+----------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from emp; + ----+----------+-----+--------+ | id | name | age | dep_id | + ----+----------+-----+--------+ | 1 | zhangsan | 18 | 1 | | 2 | lisi | 19 | 1 | | 3 | egon | 20 | 222 | | 5 | alex | 18 | 222 | + ----+----------+-----+--------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) |
希望本文所述对大家MySQL数据库计有所帮助。
原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/mmyy-blog/p/9626793.html
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